macOS CLI Handbook

1# Spotlight → type "Terminal" → Enter
2# Or: Applications → Utilities → Terminal
3
4# Popular terminal alternatives:
5# iTerm2, Warp, Alacritty, Kitty, Hyper

1Ctrl + A            # Move cursor to beginning of line
2Ctrl + E            # Move cursor to end of line
3Ctrl + U            # Delete entire line (before cursor)
4Ctrl + K            # Delete to end of line
5Ctrl + W            # Delete word before cursor
6Ctrl + R            # Reverse search command history
7Ctrl + C            # Cancel current command
8Ctrl + D            # Exit shell / EOF
9Ctrl + Z            # Suspend current process (resume with fg)
10Ctrl + L            # Clear screen (same as clear)
11Tab                 # Autocomplete file/directory names
12Tab Tab             # Show all possible completions

1history                         # Show command history
2history 20                      # Show last 20 commands
3!!                              # Re-run the last command
4!n                              # Run command number n from history
5!string                         # Run last command starting with "string"
6!$                              # Last argument of previous command
7Ctrl + R                        # Reverse search through history
8fc                              # Open last command in editor

1~/.zshrc                        # Main zsh config (loaded for interactive shells)
2~/.zprofile                     # Login shell config (loaded once at login)
3~/.zshenv                       # Always loaded (all zsh invocations)
4~/.zsh_history                  # Command history file
5~/.zlogout                      # Executed on logout

1~/.bash_profile                 # Login shell config
2~/.bashrc                       # Interactive non-login shell config
3~/.bash_history                 # Command history
4~/.bash_logout                  # Executed on logout

1# Add to ~/.zshrc
2alias ll='ls -la'
3alias la='ls -A'
4alias l='ls -CF'
5alias ..='cd ..'
6alias ...='cd ../..'
7alias cls='clear'
8alias grep='grep --color=auto'
9alias rm='rm -i'                # Confirm before deleting
10alias cp='cp -i'                # Confirm before overwriting
11alias mv='mv -i'                # Confirm before overwriting
12alias ports='lsof -i -P -n | grep LISTEN'
13alias myip='curl -s ifconfig.me'
14alias flushdns='sudo dscacheutil -flushcache; sudo killall -HUP mDNSResponder'

1echo $PATH                      # Show current PATH
2echo $HOME                      # Home directory
3echo $SHELL                     # Current shell
4echo $USER                      # Current username
5printenv                        # List all environment variables
6export VAR_NAME="value"         # Set environment variable (current session)
7# Add to ~/.zshrc for persistence:
8export PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"   # Prepend to PATH

1chsh -s /bin/zsh                # Switch to zsh
2chsh -s /bin/bash               # Switch to bash
3cat /etc/shells                 # List available shells
4echo $SHELL                     # Show current default shell

1/                               # Root filesystem
2/System/                        # macOS system files (read-only, SIP protected)
3/Library/                       # System-wide libraries and support files
4~/Library/                      # User-specific libraries and app data
5/Applications/                  # Installed applications
6/Users/                         # User home directories
7/usr/local/                     # Homebrew (Intel Mac) and local software
8/opt/homebrew/                  # Homebrew (Apple Silicon)
9/private/var/                   # Variable data (logs, tmp, etc.)
10/private/etc/                   # System configuration files
11/tmp/                           # Temporary files (symlink to /private/tmp)

1~/Library/Preferences/          # App preference files (.plist)
2~/Library/Application Support/  # App data and configs
3~/Library/Caches/               # App cache files
4~/Library/Logs/                 # User app logs
5~/Library/LaunchAgents/         # User-level launch agents (auto-start)
6/Library/LaunchAgents/          # System-wide launch agents
7/Library/LaunchDaemons/         # System-wide launch daemons (root services)
8~/Library/Containers/           # Sandboxed app data
9~/Library/Group Containers/     # Shared data between apps

1/var/log/system.log             # Main system log (legacy)
2/var/log/install.log            # Installation logs
3/var/log/wifi.log               # Wi-Fi logs
4/var/log/apache2/               # Apache web server logs
5~/Library/Logs/                 # User application logs
6~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports/  # Crash reports
7# Modern macOS uses unified logging:
8log show --last 1h              # Show last hour of logs
9log show --predicate 'process == "kernel"' --last 30m  # Kernel logs
10log stream                      # Live log stream

1pwd                             # Print current directory
2cd /path/to/dir                 # Change directory
3cd ~                            # Go to home directory
4cd -                            # Go to previous directory
5cd ..                           # Go up one level
6cd ../..                        # Go up two levels
7pushd /path/to/dir              # Push directory onto stack and cd
8popd                            # Pop directory from stack and cd back
9dirs -v                         # Show directory stack

1ls                              # List files
2ls -l                           # Long format (permissions, size, date)
3ls -la                          # Long format including hidden files
4ls -lh                          # Long format with human-readable sizes
5ls -lS                          # Sort by file size (largest first)
6ls -lt                          # Sort by modification time (newest first)
7ls -lR                          # List recursively
8ls -1                           # One file per line
9ls -d */                        # List only directories

1touch file.txt                  # Create empty file or update timestamp
2mkdir dirname                   # Create directory
3mkdir -p path/to/nested/dir     # Create nested directories
4mktemp                          # Create a temporary file
5mktemp -d                       # Create a temporary directory

1cp source.txt dest.txt          # Copy file
2cp -r source_dir/ dest_dir/     # Copy directory recursively
3cp -i source.txt dest.txt       # Interactive (confirm overwrite)
4mv oldname.txt newname.txt      # Rename file
5mv file.txt /path/to/dest/      # Move file
6ditto source/ dest/             # macOS-native copy (preserves metadata)
7ditto -V source/ dest/          # Verbose ditto copy
8rsync -av source/ dest/         # Sync files (fast incremental copy)
9rsync -av --delete src/ dest/   # Sync and delete extra files in dest

1rm file.txt                     # Delete file
2rm -f file.txt                  # Force delete (no confirmation)
3rm -r dirname/                  # Delete directory recursively
4rm -rf dirname/                 # Force delete directory
5rmdir dirname                   # Delete empty directory only
6trash file.txt                  # Move to Trash (if trash CLI installed)
7# macOS native: move to Trash via Finder or use `mv file ~/.Trash/`

1chmod 755 script.sh             # Set permissions (rwxr-xr-x)
2chmod +x script.sh              # Add execute permission
3chmod -R 644 directory/         # Set permissions recursively
4chown user:group file.txt       # Change file owner and group
5chown -R user:group dir/        # Change owner recursively
6ls -l                           # View permissions
7stat -f '%A %N' file.txt        # Show octal permissions (macOS)

1ln -s /path/to/original link    # Create symbolic link
2ln /path/to/original hardlink   # Create hard link
3readlink link_name              # Show where symlink points
4ls -la                          # Symlinks shown with -> target

1cat file.txt                    # Display entire file
2less file.txt                   # View file (scrollable, press q to quit)
3more file.txt                   # View file (page by page)
4head file.txt                   # Show first 10 lines
5head -n 20 file.txt             # Show first 20 lines
6tail file.txt                   # Show last 10 lines
7tail -n 20 file.txt             # Show last 20 lines
8tail -f logfile.log             # Follow file in real-time (great for logs)
9wc file.txt                     # Count lines, words, bytes
10wc -l file.txt                  # Count lines only

1nano file.txt                   # Simple editor (Ctrl+O save, Ctrl+X exit)
2vi file.txt                     # Vi editor (i=insert, Esc :wq=save+quit)
3vim file.txt                    # Vim (improved vi)
4open -e file.txt                # Open in TextEdit
5code file.txt                   # Open in VS Code (if installed)

1file myfile                     # Detect file type
2stat file.txt                   # Detailed file info (size, dates, etc.)
3mdls file.txt                   # Spotlight metadata attributes
4xattr file.txt                  # List extended attributes
5xattr -d com.apple.quarantine file  # Remove quarantine flag
6GetFileInfo file.txt            # HFS+ attributes

1find / -name "filename"         # Find file by name (whole system)
2find . -name "*.txt"            # Find .txt files in current dir
3find . -type f -name "*.log"    # Find files only (not directories)
4find . -type d -name "src"      # Find directories only
5find . -size +100M              # Find files larger than 100MB
6find . -mtime -7                # Files modified in last 7 days
7find . -mtime +30               # Files modified more than 30 days ago
8find . -empty                   # Find empty files and directories
9find . -name "*.tmp" -delete    # Find and delete files
10find . -name "*.sh" -exec chmod +x {} \;  # Find and execute command

1mdfind "search query"           # Search using Spotlight index
2mdfind -name "filename"         # Search by filename
3mdfind -onlyin ~/Documents "report"  # Search in specific directory
4mdfind "kMDItemKind == 'PDF'"   # Search by file kind
5mdls file.txt                   # Show Spotlight metadata for a file
6mdutil -s /                     # Check Spotlight indexing status
7mdutil -E /                     # Erase and rebuild Spotlight index

1grep "pattern" file.txt         # Search for pattern in file
2grep -r "pattern" directory/    # Search recursively in directory
3grep -i "pattern" file.txt      # Case-insensitive search
4grep -n "pattern" file.txt      # Show line numbers
5grep -l "pattern" *.txt         # List files containing pattern
6grep -c "pattern" file.txt      # Count matching lines
7grep -v "pattern" file.txt      # Show lines NOT matching
8grep -E "regex" file.txt        # Extended regex (egrep)

1locate filename                 # Fast file search using database
2sudo /usr/libexec/locate.updatedb  # Update locate database
3which command                   # Show path of a command
4whereis command                 # Show binary/man/source paths
5type command                    # Show how command would be interpreted

1sort file.txt                   # Sort lines alphabetically
2sort -n file.txt                # Sort numerically
3sort -r file.txt                # Reverse sort
4sort -u file.txt                # Sort and remove duplicates
5uniq file.txt                   # Remove adjacent duplicate lines
6uniq -c file.txt                # Count occurrences of each line
7cut -d',' -f1,3 data.csv       # Extract columns 1 and 3 (comma delimited)
8cut -c1-10 file.txt             # Extract first 10 characters per line
9paste file1.txt file2.txt       # Merge lines of files side-by-side
10tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < file.txt      # Convert to uppercase
11tr -d '\r' < file.txt           # Remove carriage returns (Windows → Unix)

1sed 's/old/new/' file.txt       # Replace first occurrence per line
2sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt      # Replace all occurrences
3sed -i '' 's/old/new/g' file    # In-place edit (macOS sed)
4sed -n '5,10p' file.txt         # Print lines 5 to 10
5awk '{print $1}' file.txt       # Print first column
6awk -F',' '{print $2}' data.csv # Print 2nd column (comma delimiter)
7awk '{sum+=$1} END {print sum}' file.txt  # Sum first column

1command > file.txt              # Redirect stdout to file (overwrite)
2command >> file.txt             # Append stdout to file
3command 2> error.log            # Redirect stderr to file
4command &> output.log           # Redirect stdout and stderr
5command 2>&1                    # Redirect stderr to stdout
6command1 | command2             # Pipe output of cmd1 to cmd2
7command | tee file.txt          # Output to screen AND file
8command | tee -a file.txt       # Append to file AND show on screen

1sw_vers                         # macOS version details
2sw_vers -productVersion         # Just the version number
3uname -a                        # Kernel version and architecture
4uname -m                        # CPU architecture (arm64 / x86_64)
5system_profiler SPHardwareDataType      # Detailed hardware info
6system_profiler SPSoftwareDataType      # Software overview
7sysctl -n machdep.cpu.brand_string      # CPU model name
8sysctl -n hw.memsize                    # Total memory (bytes)
9sysctl hw.ncpu                          # Number of CPUs
10arch                            # Print architecture (arm64 / i386)

1df -h                           # Disk space usage (human-readable)
2df -H                           # Disk space (powers of 1000)
3du -sh *                        # Size of each item in current dir
4du -sh directory/               # Total size of a directory
5du -sh * | sort -rh | head -10  # Top 10 largest items
6diskutil list                   # List all disks and partitions
7diskutil info disk0             # Info about a specific disk
8diskutil apfs list              # List APFS volumes
9diskutil eraseDisk APFS "Name" disk2    # Erase and format disk

1top                             # Real-time process monitor (q to quit)
2htop                            # Improved top (install via brew)
3top -l 1 -s 0 | head -n 12     # Snapshot of system stats
4vm_stat                         # Virtual memory statistics
5sysctl hw.memsize               # Total physical memory
6memory_pressure                 # Memory pressure status
7powermetrics --samplers cpu_power -n 1  # CPU power usage (sudo)

1uptime                          # System uptime and load average
2w                               # Who is logged in and what they're doing
3who                             # Currently logged in users
4whoami                          # Current username
5id                              # Current user ID, group ID
6last                            # List last logins

1ps aux                          # All running processes (detailed)
2ps aux | grep process_name      # Find a specific process
3pgrep -l process_name           # Find process by name (with PID)
4top                             # Real-time process viewer
5top -o cpu                      # Sort by CPU usage
6top -o mem                      # Sort by memory usage
7lsof                            # List all open files
8lsof -i :8080                   # What is using port 8080
9lsof -c process_name            # Files opened by a process

1kill PID                        # Send TERM signal to process
2kill -9 PID                     # Force kill (SIGKILL)
3kill -HUP PID                   # Send hangup signal (reload config)
4killall process_name            # Kill all processes by name
5killall -9 process_name         # Force kill all by name
6pkill process_name              # Kill by partial name match
7pkill -f "pattern"              # Kill by full command line match

1command &                       # Run command in background
2jobs                            # List background jobs
3fg                              # Bring last job to foreground
4fg %1                           # Bring job 1 to foreground
5bg %1                           # Resume job 1 in background
6nohup command &                 # Run command immune to hangup (persists after logout)
7disown %1                       # Detach job from shell

1launchctl list                          # List all loaded services
2launchctl list | grep my-service        # Find a specific service
3launchctl load ~/Library/LaunchAgents/com.my.plist    # Load/start a service
4launchctl unload ~/Library/LaunchAgents/com.my.plist  # Unload/stop a service
5launchctl start com.my.service          # Start a service by label
6launchctl stop com.my.service           # Stop a service by label
7sudo launchctl kickstart -k system/com.apple.mDNSResponder  # Restart system service

1ifconfig                        # Show network interfaces
2ifconfig en0                    # Show Wi-Fi interface details
3ipconfig getifaddr en0          # Get local IP address (Wi-Fi)
4curl -s ifconfig.me             # Get public IP address
5curl -s ipinfo.io               # Detailed public IP info (JSON)
6networksetup -listallhardwareports  # List all network ports
7networksetup -getinfo Wi-Fi     # Wi-Fi connection info
8scutil --dns                    # Show DNS configuration
9cat /etc/resolv.conf            # DNS resolver config
10hostname                        # Show hostname
11scutil --get HostName           # Get hostname
12sudo scutil --set HostName name # Set hostname

1ping google.com                 # Ping a host (Ctrl+C to stop)
2ping -c 5 google.com            # Ping 5 times then stop
3traceroute google.com           # Trace route to host
4mtr google.com                  # Combined ping + traceroute (install via brew)
5curl -I https://example.com     # HTTP headers only
6curl -o file.zip https://url    # Download file
7curl -L https://url             # Follow redirects
8wget https://url                # Download file (install via brew)
9networkQuality                  # Test network quality (macOS 12+)
10networkQuality -v               # Verbose network quality test

1nslookup domain.com             # DNS lookup
2dig domain.com                  # Detailed DNS lookup
3dig domain.com +short           # Short DNS answer
4host domain.com                 # Simple DNS lookup
5dscacheutil -flushcache         # Flush DNS cache
6sudo killall -HUP mDNSResponder # Restart DNS resolver

1netstat -an                     # Show all connections
2netstat -an | grep LISTEN       # Show listening ports
3lsof -i -P -n                  # List all network connections
4lsof -i :80                    # What is using port 80
5lsof -i :8080                  # What is using port 8080
6sudo lsof -iTCP -sTCP:LISTEN -n -P  # All listening TCP ports

1sudo pfctl -s info              # Packet filter info
2sudo pfctl -e                   # Enable firewall
3sudo pfctl -d                   # Disable firewall
4sudo pfctl -f /etc/pf.conf      # Reload firewall rules
5/usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw --getglobalstate  # App firewall status
6sudo /usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw --setglobalstate on  # Enable app firewall

1ssh user@hostname               # Connect to remote host
2ssh -p 2222 user@hostname       # Connect on custom port
3ssh -i ~/.ssh/key.pem user@host # Connect with specific key
4ssh-keygen -t ed25519           # Generate SSH key (recommended type)
5ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096      # Generate RSA SSH key
6ssh-copy-id user@hostname       # Copy public key to remote host
7scp file.txt user@host:/path/   # Secure copy file to remote
8scp user@host:/path/file.txt .  # Secure copy file from remote
9scp -r dir/ user@host:/path/    # Copy directory recursively

1# Install Homebrew
2/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"
3
4# Verify installation
5brew --version

1brew search package             # Search for a package
2brew install package            # Install a package
3brew uninstall package          # Uninstall a package
4brew list                       # List installed packages
5brew info package               # Show package info
6brew update                     # Update Homebrew itself
7brew upgrade                    # Upgrade all packages
8brew upgrade package            # Upgrade specific package
9brew outdated                   # List outdated packages
10brew cleanup                    # Remove old versions
11brew cleanup -s                 # Remove all cached downloads
12brew doctor                     # Diagnose issues
13brew deps package               # Show dependencies
14brew uses package --installed   # Show what depends on a package

1brew install --cask app-name    # Install GUI application
2brew uninstall --cask app-name  # Uninstall GUI application
3brew list --cask                # List installed casks
4brew outdated --cask            # List outdated casks
5brew upgrade --cask             # Upgrade all casks
6
7# Common casks:
8brew install --cask google-chrome
9brew install --cask visual-studio-code
10brew install --cask iterm2
11brew install --cask docker
12brew install --cask rectangle   # Window management

1brew services list              # List all services
2brew services start service     # Start a service
3brew services stop service      # Stop a service
4brew services restart service   # Restart a service
5brew services run service       # Run without auto-start on login

1diskutil list                   # List all disks and partitions
2diskutil info /dev/disk0        # Info about a specific disk
3diskutil mountDisk /dev/disk2   # Mount a disk
4diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk2 # Unmount a disk
5diskutil eject /dev/disk2       # Eject external disk
6diskutil mount /dev/disk2s1     # Mount a specific partition
7diskutil unmount /dev/disk2s1   # Unmount a specific partition
8diskutil verifyVolume /         # Verify boot volume
9diskutil repairVolume /         # Repair boot volume
10diskutil apfs list              # List APFS containers and volumes

1mount                           # Show all mounted filesystems
2mount | grep -i "disk"          # Show disk mounts
3mount_smbfs //user@server/share /mnt  # Mount SMB share
4umount /mnt/point               # Unmount a filesystem
5hdiutil attach disk-image.dmg   # Mount a DMG image
6hdiutil detach /dev/disk2       # Unmount a DMG image
7hdiutil create -size 1g -fs APFS -volname "MyDisk" my.dmg  # Create DMG

1# ZIP
2zip archive.zip file1 file2     # Create zip archive
3zip -r archive.zip directory/   # Zip a directory recursively
4unzip archive.zip               # Extract zip
5unzip -l archive.zip            # List contents without extracting
6
7# TAR
8tar -czf archive.tar.gz dir/    # Create gzipped tarball
9tar -cjf archive.tar.bz2 dir/  # Create bzip2 tarball
10tar -xzf archive.tar.gz        # Extract gzipped tarball
11tar -xjf archive.tar.bz2       # Extract bzip2 tarball
12tar -tf archive.tar.gz          # List contents of tarball
13tar -xzf archive.tar.gz -C /dest/  # Extract to specific directory
14
15# GZIP
16gzip file.txt                   # Compress (replaces original)
17gzip -k file.txt                # Compress (keep original)
18gunzip file.txt.gz              # Decompress

1whoami                          # Current username
2id                              # User ID, group ID, groups
3id -un                          # Username only
4groups                          # List groups for current user
5dscl . list /Users              # List all local users
6dscl . list /Groups             # List all local groups
7dscl . read /Users/username     # User details
8finger username                 # User info

1sudo command                    # Run command as root
2sudo -s                         # Open root shell
3sudo -u user command            # Run command as another user
4sudo !!                         # Re-run last command with sudo
5visudo                          # Edit sudoers file safely

1# Show hidden files in Finder
2defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles -bool true
3killall Finder
4
5# Hide hidden files again
6defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles -bool false
7killall Finder
8
9# Show full path in Finder title bar
10defaults write com.apple.finder _FNDShowPathbar -bool true
11
12# Screenshot location
13defaults write com.apple.screencapture location ~/Desktop/Screenshots
14killall SystemUIServer
15
16# Screenshot format (png, jpg, pdf, tiff)
17defaults write com.apple.screencapture type png
18
19# Disable screenshot shadow
20defaults write com.apple.screencapture disable-shadow -bool true
21
22# Show all file extensions
23defaults write NSGlobalDomain AppleShowAllExtensions -bool true
24
25# Disable auto-correct
26defaults write NSGlobalDomain NSAutomaticSpellingCorrectionEnabled -bool false
27
28# Key repeat speed (lower = faster)
29defaults write NSGlobalDomain KeyRepeat -int 2
30defaults write NSGlobalDomain InitialKeyRepeat -int 15
31
32# Read current default
33defaults read com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles

1open .                          # Open current directory in Finder
2open file.txt                   # Open file with default app
3open -a "Safari" https://url    # Open URL in Safari
4open -a "Visual Studio Code" .  # Open current dir in VS Code
5open -R file.txt                # Reveal file in Finder
6open /Applications/             # Open Applications folder
7open -e file.txt                # Open in TextEdit

1screencapture screen.png                # Full screen capture
2screencapture -i region.png             # Interactive region capture
3screencapture -w window.png             # Capture specific window
4screencapture -c                        # Capture to clipboard
5screencapture -T 5 delayed.png          # Capture after 5-second delay
6screencapture -x silent.png             # Capture without sound

1echo "text" | pbcopy            # Copy text to clipboard
2pbpaste                         # Paste from clipboard
3pbpaste > file.txt              # Paste clipboard to file
4cat file.txt | pbcopy           # Copy file contents to clipboard
5pbpaste | sort | pbcopy         # Sort clipboard contents

1say "Hello World"               # Read text aloud
2say -f file.txt                 # Read file aloud
3say -v ?                        # List available voices
4say -v Samantha "Hello"         # Use specific voice
5say -o output.aiff "Hello"     # Save speech to audio file

1sudo shutdown -h now            # Shutdown immediately
2sudo shutdown -h +30            # Shutdown in 30 minutes
3sudo shutdown -r now            # Restart immediately
4sudo reboot                     # Restart
5pmset sleepnow                  # Put Mac to sleep
6caffeinate                      # Prevent sleep (Ctrl+C to stop)
7caffeinate -t 3600              # Prevent sleep for 1 hour
8caffeinate -s                   # Prevent sleep while on AC power
9osascript -e 'tell app "System Events" to log out'  # Log out

1softwareupdate -l               # List available updates
2softwareupdate -ia              # Install all available updates
3softwareupdate -ir              # Install recommended updates
4softwareupdate --history        # Show update history

1mdutil -s /                     # Check Spotlight indexing status
2mdutil -i on /                  # Enable Spotlight indexing
3mdutil -i off /                 # Disable Spotlight indexing
4mdutil -E /                     # Erase and rebuild index
5mdfind "search term"            # Search via Spotlight
6mdfind -name "filename"         # Search files by name

1# System Integrity Protection (SIP)
2csrutil status                  # Check SIP status
3# To enable/disable SIP, boot into Recovery Mode (Cmd+R)
4
5# Gatekeeper
6spctl --status                  # Check Gatekeeper status
7sudo spctl --master-disable     # Disable Gatekeeper
8sudo spctl --master-enable      # Enable Gatekeeper
9
10# Keychain
11security find-generic-password -a "account" -s "service"  # Find password
12security list-keychains         # List keychains
13
14# FileVault (disk encryption)
15fdesetup status                 # Check FileVault status
16sudo fdesetup enable            # Enable FileVault

1git init                        # Initialize repository
2git clone url                   # Clone repository
3git status                      # Check status
4git add .                       # Stage all changes
5git add file.txt                # Stage specific file
6git commit -m "message"         # Commit with message
7git push                        # Push to remote
8git pull                        # Pull from remote

1git branch                      # List branches
2git branch new-branch           # Create branch
3git checkout branch-name        # Switch branch
4git checkout -b new-branch      # Create and switch
5git merge branch-name           # Merge branch
6git branch -d branch-name       # Delete branch

1git log --oneline               # Compact log
2git log --graph --oneline       # Visual branch log
3git diff                        # Show unstaged changes
4git stash                       # Stash changes
5git stash pop                   # Apply stashed changes
6git remote -v                   # Show remotes
7git reset --hard HEAD           # Discard all changes

1crontab -l                      # List cron jobs
2crontab -e                      # Edit cron jobs
3crontab -r                      # Remove all cron jobs

1# ┌───────── minute (0 - 59)
2# │ ┌─────── hour (0 - 23)
3# │ │ ┌───── day of month (1 - 31)
4# │ │ │ ┌─── month (1 - 12)
5# │ │ │ │ ┌─ day of week (0 - 7, 0 and 7 = Sunday)
6# │ │ │ │ │
7# * * * * * command
8
9# Examples:
100 * * * *     command           # Every hour
11*/15 * * * *  command           # Every 15 minutes
120 9 * * 1-5  command            # Weekdays at 9 AM
130 0 * * *    command            # Daily at midnight
140 0 1 * *   command             # First of every month
15@reboot      command            # At startup

1# Find and delete .DS_Store files
2find . -name ".DS_Store" -delete
3
4# Find large files (>100MB)
5find / -type f -size +100M 2>/dev/null
6
7# Count files in directory
8find . -type f | wc -l
9
10# Compare two directories
11diff -rq dir1/ dir2/
12
13# Generate a file checksum
14shasum -a 256 file.txt
15md5 file.txt

1# Free up disk space
2brew cleanup && rm -rf ~/Library/Caches/*
3
4# Show top 20 largest files
5find / -type f -exec du -h {} + 2>/dev/null | sort -rh | head -20
6
7# List all listening ports with process names
8sudo lsof -iTCP -sTCP:LISTEN -n -P
9
10# Kill process on a specific port
11lsof -ti :3000 | xargs kill -9
12
13# Watch a command run every 2 seconds
14watch -n 2 'kubectl get pods'   # (install via brew)

1# Count lines in all .py files
2find . -name "*.py" -exec cat {} + | wc -l
3
4# Remove duplicate lines from a file
5sort file.txt | uniq > cleaned.txt
6
7# Generate a random password
8openssl rand -base64 24
9
10# Generate UUID
11uuidgen
12
13# Encode/decode base64
14echo "text" | base64             # Encode
15echo "dGV4dAo=" | base64 -d     # Decode
16
17# JSON pretty print
18cat file.json | python3 -m json.tool
19echo '{"key":"val"}' | jq .     # Using jq (install via brew)